The following notes are derived from The HOME House Project : the future of affordable housing, by David J. Brown and Designing for the Homeless: Architecture that Works, by Sam Davis.
The idea of shelter is as core to America’s understanding of freedom and citizenship as are the rights defined within the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Even so, we as a country do not observe shelter, even in its most basic form, as a right afforded to everyone. This lack of support occurs at all levels, be it federal, state, city, or social, further exacerbating the issue of homelessness in America. We wish to find out what causes homelessness, who are the homeless, and how can architecture help?
What causes homelessness?
- Destruction of post-war housing projects
- Labor mobility
- Pursuit of jobs
- Movement to non-union states
- Outsourced labor
- Shortage of affordable housing
- Increasing gap between minimum wage and a living wage
- Growing population
- Gentrification of downtowns
- Longer lifespan of chronically ill
- Dwindling number of mental health facilities
- Weakening family ties
- Drug epidemic
Who does the design of shelter matter to?
- The homeless
- Those who work with them
- The neighboring community
- Society at large
Emergency short-stay shelter is a critical first step, but there is also a need for transitional housing for those who can return to the market economy, and permanent housing with support services for those who cannot.
How can architecture help?
1. Create facilities that sustain the dignity of those who have fallen on hard times
2. Well designed facilities can encourage those who are usually reluctant to seek services
- Many homeless have had previous experiences in other oppressive facilities such as prison or mental-health centers
3. Can help to manage modest budgets to create safe and welcoming places
4. Can play a critical role in overcoming communities’ reluctance to homeless facilities
- In order to be successful, homeless facilities must be:
- situated in residential and commercial areas
- near public transportation
- near jobs, social services, and schools
- The consensus among social workers is that the more remote the facility, the less effective it will be
5. Help policymakers and general public understand that it costs more to care for a homeless family in a shelter than in permanent housing, and that building permanent supportive housing for mentally ill homeless pays for itself through the reduction in services.
6. Create choice for the homeless
Choice and self-determination are the cornerstones of dignity; giving a homeless person a diversity of spaces within a single facility aids in restoring this dignity
Who are the homeless?
- 40% are families, the fastest growing segment of the homeless population. These are single parents, often young women and their children.
- 22% are employed. Some of these homeless earn minimum wage while others earn substantially more.
- 10% of homeless are seniors, but their numbers are steadily growing. Their reliance on fixed incomes limits their accessibility to market-rate housing, while many have no income at all and also suffer from poor health.
- 10 to 25% are continually homeless
- 10% live in rural communities
- 30% of the homeless are substance abusers. For some substance abuse contributed to their homelessness, while other began using in response to the despair of being homeless
- 30% of the homeless have some form of mental illness, including depression. These people are also some of the most resistant to using shelter facilities - those who distrust authority, cannot abide by rules, and feel threatened by group living
This last group, those resistant to traditional methods of facility treatment, is who we want to focus on for our design project.
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